r - Replace symbol + and - with (+) and (-) only if they begin a string - 


df$x <- gsub("[+]", "(+)", df$x) df$x<- gsub("[-]", "(-)", df$x)

these 2 commands replace + , - (+) (-) in column though want change if starts cell.

you try

 df$x <- gsub('^\\+', '(+)',df$x)

and

 gsub('^\\-', '(-)',df$x)

another option using gsubfn in single step

 library(gsubfn)  gsubfn("^[+-]", list(`+` = "(+)", `-` = "(-)"), df$x)  #[1] "(+)234x"    "ab+234"     "(+)cf+43"   "(-)234+49"  "abc-23"      #[6] "(-)23ab-34"

data

 df <- structure(list(x = c("+234x", "ab+234", "+cf+43", "-234+49",   "abc-23", "-23ab-34")), .names = "x", row.names = c(na, -6l),  class =   "data.frame")

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